1. Shirai K. Obesity as the core of the metabolic syndrome and the management of coronary heart disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20 (3): 295-304.
2. Wellens H. Cardiology: where to go from here?. Lancet 1999; 354 (Suppl): 8-10.
3. Fleitas AS: Síndrome X. Alto riesgo de enfermedad arterial. Rev Cubana Angiol y Cir Vasc 2002; 3 (1): 68-74.
4. Cheitlin MD. Cardiovascular physiology-changes with aging. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2003; 12 (1): 9-13.
5. Mosca L, Grundy SM, Judelson D, King K, Limacher M, Oparil S, et al. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement: Consensus Panel Statement Guide to Preventive Cardiology for Women. Circulation 1999; 99: 2480-84.
6. Pérez L, Ramos LE. Menopausia y aterotrombosis. Rev Cubana Angiol y Cir Vasc 2002; 3 (2): 54-60.
7. Redberg RF. Coronary artery disease in women: understanding the diagnostic and management pilfalls. Medscape General Medicine 1999; 1 (3). Disponible en línea en [www.medscape.com/viewarticle/408890].[consulta 1-6-04].
8. Al-Khalili F, Svane B, Wamala SP, Orth-Gomlr K, Rydln L, Schenck-Gustafsson K, et al. Clinical importance of risk factors and exercise testing for prediction of significant coronary artery stenosis in women recovering from unstable coronary artery disease. The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. Am Heart J 2000; 139 (6): 971-8.
9. Perich P, González RM, Valdés E, Arranz MC. Desarrollo de diabetes mellitus en pacientes con tolerancia a la glucosa alterada. Seguimiento de 18 años. Rev Cubana Endocrinol 2002; 13 (2): 101-9.
10. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Colesterol Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486-97.
11. Programa Nacional de Prevención, Diagnóstico, Evaluación y Control de la Hipertensión Arterial, ministerio de Salud Pública, Cuba, 1998. Disponible en línea en [www.sld.cu/servicios/hta]. [consulta 9-6-04].
12. Bell DSH. Advances in diabetes for the millennium: the heart and diabetes. Medscape general Medicine 2004; 6 (3S). Disponible en línea en [www.medscape.com/viewprogram/3436].[consulta 27-9-04].
13. Fried SK, Rao SP. Sugars, hypertriglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clinical Nutrition 2003; 78 (4): 893S-7S.
14. Scuteri A, Ferrucci L. Blood pressure,arterial function, structure, and aging: the role of hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. J Clin Hypertens 2003; 5 (3): 219-225.
15. Fiore MC, Croyle RT, Curry SJ, Cutler CM, Davis RM, Gordon C, et al. Preventing 3 million premature deaths and helping 5 million smokers quit: A National Action Plan for Tobacco Cessation. Am J Public Health 2004; 94 (2): 205-211.
16. Granberry MC, Smith ES, Troillett RD, Eidt JF. Forearm endothelial response in smokeless tobacco users compared with cigarrette smokers and nousers of tobacco. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23 (8): 974-8.
17. Papamichael C, Karatzis E, Karatzi K, Aznaouridis K, Papaioannout T, Protogerou A, et al. Red wine¢s antioxidants counteract acute endothelial disfunction caused by cigarrette smoking in healthy nonsmokers. Am Heart J 2004; 147 (2): E5.
18. Bolet M, Socarrás MM. Algunas reflexiones sobre el tabaquismo como factor de riesgo para diferentes enfermedades. Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr 2003; 19 (4).Disponible en línea en [htp://bvs.sld.cu/revistas/mgi/vol19_4_03/mgi01403.htm ]. consulta 10-9-04].
19. Solberg LI, Desai JR, O'Connor PJ, Bishop DB, Devlin HM. Diabetic patients who smoke: are they different?. Ann Farm Med 2004; 21 (1): 26-32.
20. Wilkelmann BR, Boehm BO, Nauck M, Kleist P, Marz W, Verho NK, et al. Cigarrette smoking is independently associated with markers of endothelial dysfunction and hyperinsulinaemia in non-diabetic individuals with coronary artery disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2001; 17 (2): 132-141.
21. Ellison RC, Zhang Y, Mustafa M, Knox S, Arnett DK, Province MA. Lifestyle determinants of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am Heart J 2004; 147 (3): 529-535.
22. Wenger NK. The high risk of CHD for women: Understanding why prevention is crucial. Medscape General Medicine 1999; 1 (1). Disponible en línea en [www.medscape.com/viewarticle/408830]. [consulta 28-5-04].
23. Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Effects of diabetes and level of glycemia on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.The San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care 1998; 21 (7): 1167-72.
24. Rader DJ. Toward a higher standard: raising in clinical practice. Medscape Cardiology 2004; 8 (1). Disponible en línea en [www.medscape.com/viewarticle/479499]. [consulta 19-5-04].
25. Kuvin JT, Ramet ME, Patel AR, Pandian NG, Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. A novel mechanism for the beneficial vascular effects of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: enhanced vasorelaxation and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Am Heart J 2002; 144 (1): 165-172.
26. Ghosh J, Weiss MB, Kay RH, Frishman WH. Diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Therapeutic considerations. Heart Dis 2003; 5 (2): 119-128.
27. Fonseca VA. Overcoming insulin resistance and preventing cardiovascular disease in diabetes: The contributions of the thiazolidinediones. Disponible en línea en [www.medscape.com/vieprogram/345-index].[consulta 1-6-04].
28. García D, García R, García J, Concepción A, Peix A. Diagnóstico preclínico de la aterosclerosis: función endotelial: Rev Cubana Med 2003; 42 (1): 58-63.
29. Wong ND, Sciammarella MG, Polk D, Gallagher A, Miranda-Peats L, Whitcomb B, et al. The metabolic syndrome, diabetes and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by coronary calcium. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41 (9): 1547-53.
30. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and treatment of High Blood Pressure. The JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003; 289: 3560-72.
31. Carson JAS. Pocket tape measure for waist circumference training medical students and residents on a simple assessment of body composition. J Nutr 2003; 133: 547S-9S.
32. Valabhji J, Elkeles RS. Dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes: Epidemiology and biochemistry. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2003; 3: 184-9.
33. Grundy SM, Pasternak R, Greenland P, Smith S, Fuster V. Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation 1999; 100 (13): 1481-92.
34. Howard BV, Robbins DC, Sievers ML, Lee ET, Rhoades D, Devereux RB, et al. LDL cholesterol as a strong predictor of coronary heart disease in diabetic individuals with insulin resistance and low HDL: The Strong Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20 (3): 830-5.
35. Austin MA. Triglyceride, small, dense low density lipoprotein, and the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2000; 2 (3): 200-7.

Autores:

Pedro Enrique Miguel Soca1.
Agustín Morejón Carralero2.
Silvio Niño Escofet1.
Leonor Amanda Cruz Lage3.

1. Profesor de Bioquímica Clínica. Especialista de Primer Grado en Bioquímica Clínica. Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (FCMH).
2. Profesor de Bioestadística. Especialista de Primer Grado en Bioestadística. Departamento de Informática Médica. FCMH.
3. Profesora de Agentes Biológicos. Licenciada en Biología. Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas. FCMH.